Criminal Case Defense

When a person gets arrested for a crime, that person will remain a suspect until proven guilty otherwise in court. This person will then have the chance to avail himself with the best legal representation available. â€Å"A defense consists of evidence and arguments offered by a defendant and his or her attorney(s) to show why that person should not be held liable for a criminal charge† (Schmalleger, 2010). Generally speaking, there are two types of defense: factual and legal. When talking about factual defense, this simply means that the defendant claims that there was no crime committed. An example of a factual defense is when the defendant claims that he or she was not in the crime scene, usually called an alibi or proof beyond reasonable doubt does not exist. There are two possible outcomes on a factual defense: acquittal or lesser punishment. A legal defense in contrast is when a defendant may confess to committing the crime but disagrees with his or her accountability because of a certain variable supporting the act such as mental incapacity or insanity. In a legal defense, factual guilt is immaterial for assertion and the defendant may defend his or her act with justifications, excuses or prove that constitutional rights or other laws have been violated by the government concerning evidence, relevant materials or witnesses about his or her case. A legal defense may have multiple outcomes such as acquittal, reduction in punishment, exclusion of evidence, exclusion of witnesses and more. There are two forms of legal defenses. The two forms of legal defenses are justifications, in which the defendant admits to committing the act in question but claims is was necessary in order to avoid some greater evil, and excuses, in which the defendant claims that some personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act was such that he or she should not be held accountable under the criminal law† (Schmalleger, 2010). To better understand the two forms, an example of a justification is when a son is trapped in the neighbors tree house and the father has to trespass and possible destroy his neighbors property to let his son free. The fathers reason for trespassing someone else’s home and also damaging property is justifiable because his intention was to save his sons life. An example of an excuse is killing someone while sleep walking. The excused actor admits to doing harm but claims an absence of personal culpability. â€Å"Justifications and excuses are affirmative defenses, that is, they must be raised or asserted by the defendant independently of any claims made by the prosecutor. This is a variance from the general rule that places the burden of production and persuasion on the government. For affirmative defenses, defendants bear the burden of production, that is, they must assert the defense at the time required by law. Failure to raise an affirmative defense in a timely manner acts as a waiver of the defense. States vary about the burden of persuasion placed on the defendant. Some require the defendant to prove the defense; others shift the burden to the prosecution to disprove defense† (Schmalleger, 2010). Many variables are included when the conduct in which the violated law may be justifiable. Six different defenses fall under justifications. Necessity for one is a justifiable defense to a criminal charge in which the defendant claims that it was necessary to commit some unlawful act in order to prevent greater evil or harm. If a man deemed that it was necessary to destroy windows in a burning house to vent the smoke and save victims in it from smoke inhalation and help them escape, he justifies his act on destruction of property to save lives and avoid harm. Another is self-defense simply means to defend one’s self from harm or threatening situations. To protect one’s self is a right and a natural response but has limitations. If an attacker for example punches a victim, the victim has the right to defend himself or stop the situation to progress by attacking the attacker as well until the threat is ended. In this example, if the threat was ended by the victim knocking the attacker unconscious and the victim is aware and still kept hitting the attacker until he dies is no longer self defense. If the threat no longer exists the victim should go away and call the authorities and let them handle the situation from there. In self defense, reasonable force must be presented when defending a case. When another person is being victimized and a person defends the victim from harm this defense is called defense of others or sometimes called defense of a third person. Defense of others always requires that the defender be free from fault and that he or she act to aid an innocent person who is in the process of being victimized. Defense of home and property also falls under justifications. Four situations which are protection of personal property, defense of home or habitation, defense of another’s property and use of mechanical device to protect property are justifiable means when using protection of property as a defense. In most jurisdictions, the owner of property can justifiably use reasonable non deadly force to prevent others from unlawfully taking or damaging that property† (Schmalleger, 2010). An example of unreasonable deadly force to protect property is shooting an unarmed trespasser but shooting while being robbed by an armed robber who has intent to kill is reasonable use of deadly force. The fifth defense that can be used as a justification is resisting unlawful arrest. This is a very sensitive case and requires factual and accurate evidence when resisting unlawful arrest from peace officers. Last defense to be covered under justifications is consent. â€Å"Consent is a justification offered as a defense to a criminal charge, that claims that the person suffering as injury either agreed to sustain the injury or accepted the possibility of injury before the activity was undertaken† (Schmalleger, 2010). In the remaining of this paper, the second major category of defenses which is â€Å"excuses† will be discussed followed by the analysis between the legal and medical perspectives on mental illness and insanity. In most cases, excuses are personal in nature. Defendants would claim that their actions were based on some disability or some abnormal condition such as intoxication, insanity or immaturity. There are several excuses recognized by law which includes: duress, intoxication, mistake, age, entrapment, insanity, diminished capacity and various syndromes to a limited degree. However, where a defendant suffers from a know disability, that disability alone is not sufficient to excuse him or her of criminal responsibility. Insanity and mental illness are probably two of the biggest issues and also hard to prove in court as an excuse. Many defendants throughout the years won a case using insanity and mental illness as an excuse. Some scientists and medical experts have been studying the human mind, and although the studies are far from complete and still difficult to fully understand, there are distinctions and differences concerning insanity and mental illness. On a medical perspective differentiating the two; â€Å"symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning ight be a mental illness and when symptoms cause distress even beyond scope of problems mental illness comes with it might be considered insanity in which the person is no longer responsible for his or her actions† (Helium inc. , 2009). Insanity is a social and legal term rather that a medical one. Psychiatrists speak instead of mental disorders rather that use the term insanity which makes is difficult to fit into legal categories, either way, the legal concept of insanity has its basis in some disease of the mind. The lack of mens rea or showing that mens rea was present but accompanied by a mental disease of defect affects criminal liability in a case. In conclusion, a criminal defense consists of evidences and arguments offered in court by a defendant through an attorney to show why the defendant should not be held liable for crimes charged against him or her. There are many aspects in a criminal case defense a defendant needs to adhere to in order to prove innocence. Criminal defenses have two types and under legal defense, defenses may be built upon three bases which are alibis, justifications and excuses. Under excuses, insanity and mental illness was covered in a medical and legal perspective. In some jurisdictions due to the difficulties with assessing insanity from a legal perspective, insanity has been eliminated as an excuse in court in regards with a criminal charge. However defendants in all jurisdictions may still claim presence of mental disease at the time of the act which eliminates the mental culpability or mens rea needed for the criminal activity.

The Progression of the American Musical

The World Two great writers of American musical theatre, Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, had one common idea. They wanted to present to the American public a new, revolutionary musical that would stand out among the rest. They wanted to make an impact on the societies of the era. They wanted to be creative and do something that was considered rebellious. When they finally combined their ideas together they created an American masterpiece: Oklahoma!.This was the first Rodgers and Hammerstein collaboration, starting the most successful creative artnership in the history of American musical theatre. In the years before Oklahoma! was created, Broadway was dying. New and refreshing musicals were a rare occasion and when an artist tried to create something that he hoped his audience would like, he was sadly disappointed. Broadway was suffering from a lack of what it was revered for: astounding plays and musicals. Its time of glamour and glitz was almost forgotten, and was in need of being saved.That is why Oklahoma! is considered a rebirth of the American musical theatre at the time. It brought Broadway back to life, filling theatre seats with nthusiastic audiences who embraced the changes of this new theatre musical with open arms and made it a legend. Oklahoma! set new standards for classic American theatre by introducing new techniques of presenting the musical to the audience, introducing a new genre of music into the theatre, and strayed away from the usual classic form and structure of a musical that audiences had grown used to.It was a time of change, a time of excitement, and a time of setting standards for the future. Almost from the first performance at the St. James Theatre on March 31, 1943, Oklahoma! has been recognized as a new kind of musical play that denied its Broadway audiences many of their most treasured traditions, says David Ewen in American Musical Theatre: â€Å"There was no opening chorus line, no chorus until midway through the f irst act, in fact. There was rather a serious ballet and other serious overtones, including a killing in act two.The story, which was so simple, seemed to engage the audience in more than mere evening diversion† (248). These changes, far from disappointing to viewers, were upheld by a success that had never been seen in the history of musical theatre. He continued to say that with their first collaboration, Rodgers and Hammerstein shered in a new era for the musical theatre This beautiful folk play realized fully that which the earlier Rodgers and Hart musicals had been striving to obtain: a synchronization of all the elements of the musical theatre into a single entity.At best Oklahoma! could lay legitimate claim to have carefully woven a new element, dance, into the artful fabric of the modern musical. No longer would singers sing and then Dance was not a new element in the theatre realm. It had been used for years as a way of interpretation of feelings of a character that t he writer or director wanted the audience to feel visually. Through movement, expression of those feelings was portrayed and helped the audience to somewhat experience that single emotion of fear, hate, love, or guilt right along with the character on stage.But what was usual was that it was never brought together with the music and singing. The song was usually followed by the decorative dance. A song followed by a dance would usually lost the audience's attention, or even if the dance was too long or did not correspond to the song or story line what so ever. Rodgers and Hammerstein set a standard that incorporated the two elements (music/song and dance) so that the audience would ind more logic in the dance. It would have a meaning and a purpose in the play and heighten the excitement in the musical.And in many instances, it would further the plot or at best help the audience to fully understand the individual character's feelings at that point in the musical. David Ewen uses the example of Agnes de Mille's (choreographer of Oklahoma! ) ballet, which brought to life the heroine's dream and provided her motive for refusing the hero's invitation to a box special. It was part of the story. (248) According to Gerald Bordman, the author of American Musical Comedy, the idea hat integration, something new and desperately needed, took hold of Broadway's thinking.In fact, it became so fashionable to integrate dance into the musical, that it was sometimes injected when it served no dramatic purpose, and sometimes even when it hindered the unfolding of the story. (160) After awhile dance became overused, which seemed to ruin what Rodgers and Hammerstein had set out to do (the incorporation of dance to heighten the meaning of the musical). Other writers or choreographers who inserted dance were not adding it when it would help the musical. Directors came to believe that dance was a necessity in a musical, for it was ne of the key reasons why Oklahoma! as so successful. So the additions were made, but were not really thought about their purpose when they were added. What was forgotten was the obvious need for the dance at all. Dance was thought to be a want of the audience, not taking into consideration if the musical even required the dance at all. So, this problem developed into a frenzy, adding dance Just for the mere spectacle of it. But in Oklahoma! , everything fit into its place. For the first time, not only were the songs and story inseparable, but also the dances heightened the drama by revealing he fears and desires of the leading characters.According to Bordman, Richard Rodgers once said, â€Å"when a show works perfectly, it's because all the individual parts complement each other and fit together†¦ in a great musical, the orchestrations sound the way the costumes look. That's what made Oklahoma! work†¦ it was a work created by many that gave the impression of having been created by one† (160). collaboration. Joseph Swa in adds that much was made at the time of the hero's killing the villain on stage in Oklahoma!. This too was not new. But while the claim to originality was once again exaggerated, Oklahoma! virtue of its huge popularity, a popularity in no way reduced by an unpleasant scene, did open doors. (74) Oklahoma! was in the genre of Musical Comedy, and many critics felt that villains and murder were not elements that should appear in a comedy. It was thought that such items would turn audiences away from Oklahoma! , having the idea of going to see a comedy and leaving feeling like they had seen a murder mystery, and not laughing at all was not the main objective of comedy theatre. But once again, these elements were a key part of the musical. David Ewen pointed out in The Story of America'sMusical Theatre that the original play had both villains and a murder, and Rodgers and Hammerstein had no intention of removing them from their musical. Ewen quotes Hammerstein saying, â€Å"We realized that such a course was experimental, amounting almost to the breach of an implied contract with the musical-comedy audience. I cannot say truthfully that we were worried by the risk. Once we had made the decision everything seemed to work right and we had the inner confidence people feel when they have adopted the right and honest approach to a problem† (180).But once the doors opened and tickets began to sell and shows eventually became old out, Rodgers and Hammerstein really did not have anything to fear. Their show soon showed itself to be a success, even with a villain and a murder. The audiences were at first disturbed to see these elements in a comedy, but soon came into agreement with these new additions and liked its originality and creativeness. Also if these two elements had been removed, it would have disturbed the synchronization and union of all the other elements of song, dance and plot in the musical, which was what the writers were trying to avoid at all costs .Along with dance and villains, Rodgers and Hammerstein also took on a new pproach to forming the music that they included in the musical. In Gerald Bordman's second book American Musical Theatre: A Chronicle, he stated that long before they wrote their first lyric to â€Å"Oh What A Beautiful Mornin'†, Rodgers and Hammerstein had arrived at an all-important decision. The â€Å"flotsam and Jetsam† of musical comedy would have to be abandoned in translating a sensitive, poetic folk play for the musical theatre. Musical comedies traditionally opened with a big, crowded stage scene. Oklahoma! ould begin simply: a single character would be seen on the stage (a woman churning butter), and from off-stage would come the trains of the first song. Musical comedies usually started with a dazzling line of chorus girls from the stage aprons early in the production, but Rodgers and Hammerstein decided to delay its appearance until halfway through the first act (535). bring a certai n magical and triumphant beginning to a musical, starting with excitement and volume. This was also criticized; many feeling an audience would not stand for their most treasured attributes of a play being taken away.But Rodgers and Hammerstein once again took another risk, and it proved to be a risk that was not too bad to take. Audiences were at first disappointed with the deletion of the opening chorus, but eventually excused it, for they fell in love with the style of musical that Rodgers and Hammerstein were presenting to them. The play grew from a simple opening to a grand finale, which built the excitement of the audience and kept them stimulated and interested in the unfolding of the musical until the final chorus line and curtain call.It built suspense and a burning for more. Rodgers and Hammerstein obviously knew what they were doing, even if the critics thought they did not. Bordman also noted that the show's musical director, Jay Blackton, appreciating he work's nature, d iscarded the common musical comedy practice of having the entire chorus sing only songs' melodies. Instead, he reverted to the tradition of operetta and comic opera by dividing his singers and assigning them various parts, not always the principal melodic line (535).Once again, Oklahoma! was making breakthrough innovations in the musical theatre world. A denial of basic characteristics of the original musical comedy could have upset the audience, and push Oklahoma! into an area of outcast musicals that all writers fear. But Rodgers and Hammerstein's ideas were undeniably refreshing to the American audiences. Rodgers's music also marked a new direction for the writer in Oklahoma!. He reinvented his style of music from what he knew was popular to the audience to a rugged flatness.Davis Ewen also states in his book The Story of America's Musical Theatre, that most musical comedies expected the music to be written before the lyrics, since the lyrics were something functional tacked on t o the melody. But the writers were so determined to make each word an essential part of the text that they agreed at once for Hammerstein to write the lyrics first, and Rodgers would write the music from the lyrics (180). Bordman reiterates that it is sometimes hard to realize that â€Å"Oh, What A Beautiful Mornin' † is a waltz. The melody of â€Å"The Surry With The Fringe On Top† captures the clippety-clop of a horse pulling the vehicle.Rodgers' long-sustained opening note of his title song coupled with the driving melody that follows was of the freshest inventions of the sort and the impeccable blending of words and music in â€Å"People Will Say We're In Love† Justifiably made it the most popular of the year. Much proclaiming ensued over how well the songs and plot were integrated (535). This coordination of musical rhythm and words was amazing. They were able to catch simple sounds of the actions on stage and incorporate them into the song, as if the lives of the characters could only survive with the music.This combination of audience must be made to believe that the character's life is a song. It is essential that the character make the audience feel like the music is not Just a silly addition to the developing plot, but an existing item that has and will always exist at that point in time. The audience must be pulled into the world of the musical, not Just simply entertained. And once again, Rodgers and Hammerstein had achieved that goal. They ere well on their way to creating a musical that was so seamless that extracting one minor detail of it would throw the whole work of art off.It was a work of complete union and an accomplishment that was in no way easy to create in the first place. One factor in the success of Oklahoma! that cannot be overlooked was the attitude of the American people at the time it was presented. In The World of Musical Comedy, Stanley Green adds that World War II was more than a year old when the musical opened, and those who remained at home were becoming increasingly aware of the heritage they enjoyed as a free people. Seeing the happier, sunnier days that were so much a part of this heritage gave audiences both an escape from daily headlines and a feeling of optimism for the future (212).In American Musical Comedy, Bordman believed that Oklahoma! ‘s importance lay elsewhere. The show made the American musical theatre look at America's own heritage for inspiration (160). Playwrights were beginning to recognize the vast amount of inspiration the American country could provide for the new revolution of musicals. During the time of and after World War II, pride in America was gaining strength and so was the nterest of writing plays and musicals that showed that pride of how great America was. Oklahoma! n turn brought more than Just new innovations of song, music, and dance to the stage, but a love for musicals that showed how beautiful older American culture was. Oklahoma! was a musical of America's expansion into the western front and the western culture. In more ways that one, Oklahoma! was a way for city dwellers in New York City who sat in the audience to find their way to the west without ever leaving the city. Rodgers and Hammerstein had experienced achievement when they could tell a story through song and dance and transport the udience into the setting of the musical.Playgoers would leave the theatre feeling like they had Just returned from an adventure out west, which is a playwright's exclusive objective when creating a play. The audience must be made to believe that they are experiencing the plot right along with the actors on stage. Thus is the main objective of theatre in general: to capture the audience and bring them to a different place and time where the plot of the play is the only struggle in the world at the time. Bordman writes in American Musical Theatre: A Chronicle that what started in 927 was perfected in 1943 when Oklahoma! premi ered.It is considered by many to be the first musical comedy to have a plot, musical score and dances that were necessary ingredients to advance the story line (536). It is only fair to agree with him. Rodgers and Hammerstein added the exact â€Å"ingredients† to create a magical and over the world to this day. Although Oklahoma! premiered 70 years ago, and its style of music and dance have grown old with the passing of time, it still demands respect for its combination and imaginative ideas that revolutionized the musical industry at the time. Rodgers and Hammerstein were the dominant force in musical comedy in the 1940's and 50's.Even their flops had notable songs. Several of their shows became successful films. Oklahoma! ‘s importance in opening a new era in the American Musical Theatre will never be challenged. It has become an American classic that society will forever treasure for its beautiful integration of song and dance.

Oscar Wilde was the fashion critic and editor of the magazine the Essay

Oscar Wilde was the fashion critic and editor of the magazine the woman's world(1887-1889). Analize this contribution to fashi - Essay Example e, which is not the case because Oscar Wilde did not completely erase the fashion issue but rather refined it by adding more content, because evidently, he only reduced the fashion section from four to two. Prior to Wilde reducing past issues in the magazine and adding up empowering content, Wilde also incorporated women authors who greatly contributed in writing the magazine (Tusan 2005, P.68). Generally, the aim of Oscar Wilde’s transformation was to create a new generation of modern woman who did not have to sit back and watch the men rule over, but instead women who embraced empowerment to battle up with the man in running the businesses of the world through education and other channels of knowledge exposure (Fortunato 2012, p. 34). Nevertheless, Wilde’s effort of empowering the 18th century woman through the â€Å"woman’s world† magazine did not send a positive note to everyone. Though majority never came up to criticize the content in the magazine, t he artists in various fields emerged to criticize the article. Surprisingly, women artists were among the critics who criticized Wilde’s view on fashion. Most of the critics had no issue with women empowerment content because what disturbed them the most was the editor’s negative stand on fashion. The fashion issue arose during transformation of the magazine where the editor reduced fashion content because he believed that it had no much relevance in the woman’s world as men usually perceive. Oscar Wilde’s stand on fashion irrelevance caught the attention of artists like Mary Eliza Haweis, an editor who authorized in connection with fashion, cosmetics, and decoration (Fortunato 2012, p. 37). She argued that fashion should not be side kicked because fashion was an essential form of art that she claims... Historically, the 18th century was an era of male dominance because men viewed women as inferior beings. The reason why women were inferior is that they could not participate in the development of the world’s progress. This was evident through vast arts that portrayed at the time that included Sydney Grundy’s play â€Å"the glass of fashion† that was produced in 1883. Another evidence of women's inferiority in the 18th century portrayed through the manner in which the â€Å"lady’s world† magazine was edited before Oscar Wilde came took over the editorship. Things changed when Oscar Wilde joined the publishing company as the editor of the magazine. The content and the appearance of the magazine never made much sense to him and that is why he transformed every bit of the magazine including its name Oscar Wilde claims that the magazine had no motivational content that concerned women because content mostly contained gossips, music, art, fashion, and ot her common issues. Oscar Wilde could be named as a renowned female reformist who undertook all the challenges in the 18th century literature field to empower the woman into modernity through intense education shunning the old fashion perception pinned on women. This did not mean that Wilde did not have any ideas in fashion and art, nor did he ignore them, because history claims that he was a frequent attended to art galleries and theater.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 15

Economics - Essay Example They have therefore determined other sources of energy, which are pocket and environmentally friendly. Solar power and biomass power are commonly used in most of the households. According to the United Sate federal government, approximately 39% of the energy produced in America go toward the generation of electricity. To this end, generation of electricity in America has contributed to lingering environmental concerns including pollution and degradation. To be precise, electricity in the world is generated through burning oil, coal and natural gas. This natural products produce greenhouse gas including carbon dioxide when they burn. It is plausible to note that the more electricity that the community uses the more we add greenhouse gases to the environment resulting in global warming. According to various researches, these gases may have contributed to warmers environmental conditions in 1999 and in 1938 (Deru & Torcellini,  2007). Other environmental effects in our area are experienced when electricity causes fire, thereby destroying other ecological systems and produce global warming gases, which influence the climate. However, some households utilize e lectricity from renewable resources including geothermal, solar and wind technologies have no negative climatic changes including contaminating the local air. In our home, we use electricity to serve various purposes. It is the main source of energy that provided electric light and in pumping up electronics, including heaters, TV, personal electronic devices, computers, washing machines amid others. Electricity makes life easier and interesting because it helps one to keep things on standby without switching them off like computers, television and microwave. At the industry levels, electricity provides electric power to pump up machines and provide electric lighting (Xintao & Junzi,  2010). Our

Writing Analysis (Graphology) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Writing Analysis (Graphology) - Research Paper Example Handwriting involves coordination of the eyes and hand muscles. The muscles contract and release alternately, with an upstroke requiring a releasing movement, and a downstroke using a binding or contracting movement. If both motions are well balanced, the writing appears rhythmic and harmonious (Nevo 61). Predominantly contracted movements will produce writing that appears rigid and cramped, while completely expanded writing appears disintegrated and unclear. The essential concept of handwriting analysis theory is that the type of movement producing the handwriting projects the personality of the writer (Lewinson 321). Contemporary graphology dating back around 130 years is different from its ancient roots and long history. Michon’s laws of graphology formulated by Jean Hippolyte Michon, the founder of European graphology in 1875, continue to be valid today. His concept of the involvement of the brain and psychology in the process of handwriting forms the basis for the research conducted by modern graphologists. Michon believed that since the human being is a complex unit with a complete unity to the entire being, it was necessary to examine every minute element in detail. Thus, writing formed â€Å"the art of speaking to the eyes† (Bernard 4). Michon’s pupil Jamin emphasized the overall picture composed by the signes or elements in graphology. German scientists were forerunners in the field of graphology towards the end of the 19th century. Ludwig Klages who founded the first German graphologoical society in 1896, was the acknowledged leader in the field. He used his own philosophical theories as the basis for establishing laws and principles of graphology, characterology, and expressive behavior. He considered a rhythmic flow of handwriting to be most important. Klages introduced the term form niveau as an indicator of the writer’s intellectual level and cultural background. A high form of niveau indicated an

Macro economics assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macro economics assignment - Essay Example Austerity is cutting back on spending particularly on amount of public services and benefits. Austerity policy is usually used by governments to reducing defecate spending. Major characteristic of austerity is increase in taxing. Stimulus is where monetary policies are used to positively stimulate the economy. This is normally done by quantitative easing and the lowering of lending rates. Austerity is putting many countries especially those in Europe in a deeper mess. This is because it is causing a lot of difficulty than solution. So I believe it is not the best way to deal with the aftermath of the financial 2007-2008 financial crash. This is because the high tax rates are resulting in very minimal tax revenue. It is also getting harder and harder in making cuts on spending. According to Woods (2013), austerity has completely failed in countries like Greece to appoint where its output is declining. In other countries like the United Kingdom, government leaders have admitted that th ey were unable to reach their targets in 2010 even after slashing back on budgets and government spending (Davidson, 2013). The Exchequer chancellor George Osborne when giving his report to the House of Commons he stated that they had minimized government spending by up to 30 percent by the year 2010 hopping that they would reduce the nations deficit of the budget to zero percent in a period of four years and at the same time they also forecast that the country would have cleared all its public debt (Davidson 2013). However, their expectations were not met. Up to today none of the government forecasts on the outcome of their austerity measures has happened. Britain is still running on a budget that has a high deficit, and it has entered an even worse situation before the austerity measures (Davidson 2013). This clearly shows that austerity is not the way to go about the after math of the financial crash. Having seen that austerity policies are not working in many countries, then I p ropose stimulus to be the best option to deal wit the after math of the 2007- 2008 financial crisis aftermath. This can be proved by using the United States of America as an example. The United States of America implemented both austerity and stimulus policies to deal with the after math of the financial crash. In 2008 the United States of America Congress adopted a $158 billion tax cut package and in 2009 $787 billion unemployment fund (The New York Times, 2013). Te previous tax plan did not take a major effect in minimizing the United States’ deficit. However economists argue that the stimulus plan helped the United States of America’s economy to recover and even minimized job losses greatly. The dispute on measures to cope with the financial crash after math is mainly between the Keynes stimulus and the orthodox economics. As the theory of Keynes suggests, that in the short run, aggregate demand greatly influences product activity. Being so in stimulus amount of mon ey to be put in the economy is greatly influenced by the demand aggregate demand for the boost. This means that the amount of money to be boosted in economies as a result of the Financial crash largely depends on the level the economy has fallen. The orthodox economics insist that economic decisions are influenced by availability of finances and other market powers. The dispute between Keynesian and orthodox when it comes to stimulus is the fact that governments put money in their economies

Managing Information Technology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Information Technology - Coursework Example An added feature of executive Information system is its support for the graphical functions representation. Unlike the predecessor solution providers that only provided data figures, this system through the help of graphs, comparison charts and other similar displays make it possible understanding the scenario in a better manner. Integration of the internal data with the external variables is another feature function of E.I.S. Creating a budget that is in line with the needs of the organization is also made possible through this utility feature system. Owing to their excellent output, their increased productivity and reduced hassle, the larger enterprises and front runner business trend setters have adopted these systems into their networks. Data mining is a modern trend that has emerged with the evolution of the information technology based support systems. As the name would imply, it is the investigation and assessment of the different variables and different data sheets and facts through a certain critical viewing and perspective. The two concepts are equally intertwined, while data mining is related to the dissected and detailed investigation and assessment of the overall facts and data at hand, the data warehouse in contrast serves as a repository of information and overall monitoring level tool and software support system. Number of techniques and strategies can be adopted with regard to the data mining process and utilization of the software. Two of the most commonly used techniques include clustering and classification techniques. Through the technique of clustering different set of variables may be brought together for a cumulative assessment of key variables. The cluster technique allows targeting and segregating two set of variables and responders in a data set collected from a survey or any other observational study undertaken. Pre determination

Hakkasan Restaurant Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hakkasan Restaurant Company - Assignment Example Autocratic leadership is where by the leader is the final determinant of a decision and others under him or her do not have the capability to make or object the decision. For routine and effectiveness in the organisation or company, this style is better preferred as it ensures that employees do what they are told to do for the benefit of the company (Vector Study, 2012).Charismatic LeadershipA charismatic leadership style is basically more involving as the leader in place is more enthusiastic in his work and also toward the other employees (Vector Study, 2012).Democratic Leadership or Participative LeadershipA democratic leadership style is basically an instance where the leader makes the final decision for the team members after they have participated in an involving decision making process. Thus employees feel in better placed in the organisation’s decision making process thus better results in output (Vector Study, 2012).ConclusionThe described leadership styles make work a t the organisation easy to handle and the employees feel that they are part and parcel of the organisation. But in the need that strategic decisions have to be made then the leader is prone to implement the use of Autocratic style for convenient and steady decision making that will not be up for revision. For the charismatic leadership style, employees need motivation from the top notch and from each other. Restaurants are work places where employees work extra hard so as to satisfy the customers.

Fundemental research in social work practice Article

Fundemental research in social work practice - Article Example Edwards has enlisted a wide range of literatures consulted in this article. This is a positive aspect because the literature review highlights several factors that influence children behavior. In particular, various risk factors including the number of children and economic status of families have been mentioned. The participants selected in this study included 114 mothers from low income mothers, who were members of the Head Start program. The study did not incorporate families from mid and high income levels hence could not clearly elaborate the effects of income levels on children. Measures used in the study included Perceived Role and Receptivity to Support Scale, the Parenting Stress Scale, the Early Childhood Behavior Problem Screening Scale and Self-Expressiveness Measure. These measures were critical in evaluating various factors that affect behavioral factors in children. Results of the study were summarized in four tables, with each table explaining specific statistical values. Statistical analysis of the results was a positive approach in the study because it was possible to get a generalized view of the outcomes. In addition use of values facilitated easy understanding of the effects of the analyzed variables on children behavior. The study results revealed that parents with more than one kid recorded positive expressiveness when compared with parents with single child. It was suggested that this could have resulted from positive modeling given by teachers at the Head Start. However the study largely ignored parenting experience in establishing variables affecting expressiveness. Reisi-Dehkordi, N., Baratian, H., & Zargham-Boroujeni, A. (2014). Challenges of children with cancer and their mothers: A qualitative research. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 19(4), 334–339. In this article, Reisi-Dehkordi et al., represent a qualitative research using a thematic analysis approach on 34 children and 32

Managerial Accounting Essay Example for Free

Managerial Accounting Essay Reflect and describe which key concepts and topics in this course have made you a stronger candidate to enter the business world. When I first began this course, I didn’t really understand what Managerial accounting for Business Professionals were. I was very confused and also a bit intimidated with what is expected and how is the professor going to be. In my previous classes I have had some professors who seem to not care about us students. I have felt often that since it’s an online environment they could answer whichever way they want because there isn’t anyone to meet face to face to speak. Professor, you have been a wonderful teacher and mentor for us. I couldn’t have asked for anyone better. Even though some of the weeks were challenging I was able to overcome them. What I enjoyed the most was the budgeting planning in Unit 6. I am always looking to grow within my job and department, so learning some other things and being able to speak with my peers about what I have learned enables me to show that I am eager to move up the ladder of success and get promoted. I think that the Wiley assignments were very educational and with the 5 chances that we were given to do the work, this really helped me analyze and truly learn how to solve a problem. Discuss how this course has affected you in your professional development as a student and as a person as well as encouraging you on your academic path. This course has helped me professionally develop skills that I have had hidden. I, at times am afraid to take the next step because of what I am afraid may be the outcome, but seeing these assignments week by week and being able to achieve these challenges has really made me a more confident person and has given me the push I need to be able to begin working on opening my own business which is to open a Laundromat. I look so forward to graduating and moving forward to my future.

Coca Cola Company Mission, Vision and Values

Coca Cola Company Mission, Vision and Values It was 1986, and in New York Harbor, workers were constructing the statue of liberty. Eight hundred miles away, another great American symbol was about to be unveiled. Like many people who change history, John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. One afternoon, he stirred up a fragrant, caramel-colored liquid and, when it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacobs Pharmacy. Here, agreed- this new drink was something special. So Jacobs pharmacy put it on sale for five cents a glass. Like many people who change history, John pemberton, an Atlant pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. One afternoon, he stirred up a fragrant, caramel-colored liquid and, when it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacobs Pharmacy who all agreed-this new drink was something special. So Jacobs Pharmacy. Here the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customer who all agreed- this new drink was special. So Jacobs Pharmacy put on sale for five cents a glass. Pembertons bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, named the mixture Coca-Cola ®, and wrote it out in his distinct script. To this day, Coca-Cola is written the same way. In the first year, Pemberton sold just 9 glasses of Coca-Cola a day. A century later, The Coca-Cola Company has produced more than 10 billion gallons of syrup. Unfortunately for Pemberton, he died in 1888 without realizing the success of the beverage he had created. Over the course of three years, 1888-1891, Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candler secured rights to the business for a total of about $2,300. Candler would become the Companys first president, and the first to bring real vision to the business and the brand. http://heritage.coca-cola.com/ COMPANY MISSION, VISION AMD VALUES: Our Mission Our Roadmap starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions. To refresh the world To inspire moments of optimism and happiness To create value and make a difference. Our Vision Our vision serves as the framework for our Roadmap and guides every aspect of our business by describing what we need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. Live Our Values Our values serve as a compass for our actions and describe how we behave in the world. Leadership: The courage to shape a better future Collaboration: Leverage collective genius Integrity: Be real Accountability: If it is to be, its up to me Passion: Committed in heart and mind Diversity: As inclusive as our brands Quality: What we do, we do well http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values.html SUSTAINABILITY: LIVE POSITIVELY focuses on seven core areas key to our business sustainability, with measurable goals and metrics for the Company and the Coca-Cola system http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/index.html INOVATION: Products EquipmentPackagingMarketingMarketplace Fortified nutrijuice helps fight malnutrition in the Philippines Introducing plant bottle up to 30% plant- based, 100% recyclable bottle, redesigned plastic, recyclable as ever Learn about our award-winning video vender. New plastic bottle crushes conventional thinking about environmental action. Helping our customers to maintain and grow their businesses. http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/innovation.html INVESTORS: The coca-cola company Finalizes transaction with coca-cola enterprises. Atlanta, October 3, 2010 The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) today announced that it has completed the acquisition of the North American operations of Coca-Cola Enterprises (NYSE: CCE) and the sale of the Companys Norway and Sweden bottling operations to CCE. This transaction positions The Coca-Cola Company to more profitably deliver the worlds greatest brands and drive long-term value for all shareholders. Steve Cahillane, Muhtar Kent and Sandy Douglas OUR PRODUCT: Coca-Cola Zero Coca-Cola Zero ® has been one of the most successful product launches in our history. In 2009, we sold more than 600 million cases globally. Put into perspective, thats roughly the same size as our total business in Germany, one of our top 6 markets. As of September 2010, Coca-Cola Zero is available in more than 130 countries. http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/brands/index.html LEADERSHIP: Since our first soda fountain sales in 1886, we have been a driver of marketplace innovation and an investor in local economies. Today we lead the beverage industry with more than 500 beverage brands including four of the worlds top-five sparkling brands. But while our business opportunities are enormous, our commitment to our consumers and the communities in which we operate is even greater. Muther Kent, our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, leads us into the new century with a firm commitment to the values and spirit of the worlds greatest brand. In our journey to become a sustainable, profitable growth company, our management structure has evolved to sharpen external focus on the marketplace with greater speed, productivity and effectiveness. http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/leadership.html Financial Statements The financial information included in this section should be read in conjunction with Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in our Companys 2008 and 2009 Quarterly Reports on From 10-q and 2008 Annual Report on From 10-k As a result of the Securities and Exchange Commissions (SEC) Rule Release No. 33-9002, Interactive Data to Improve Financial Reporting, the Company is required to submit Interactive Data as Exhibit 101 (attachment type EX-101) for certain Exchange Act and Securities Act filings. This Rule is effective for the Company beginning with our second quarter 2009 interim financial statements filed on Form 10-Q. Interactive Data is made possible through the computer language extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). XBRL offers near real-time access to financial reports, generally within minutes of our Company filing them with the SEC, and provides more flexibility to view and compare data versus traditional HTML filings. With XBRL, investors can create their own customized reports, automatically generating financial ratios, graphs, and charts depicting important information from financial statements. Due to the functionality of interactive data filed with the SEC, the Company will no longer provide excel versions of our financial statements on this website. Investors that wish to view an excel version of our financial statements can download the information from the SECs website at http://www.sec.gov. CURRENT ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents $ 6,816 Marketable securities 263 Trade accounts receivable, less allowances 3,139 Inventories 2,298 Prepaid expenses and other assets 2,198 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 14,714 INVESTMENTS Equity method investments: Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company S.A. 1,386 Coca-Cola FEMSA, S.A.B. de C.V. 840 Coca-Cola Amatil Limited 680 Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc. Other, principally bottling companies and joint ventures 2,410 Other investments, principally bottling companies 441 TOTAL INVESTMENTS 5,757 OTHER ASSETS 1,793 PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT net 8,425 TRADEMARKS WITH INDEFINITE LIVES 6,042 GOODWILL 3,988 OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS 2,384 TOTAL ASSETS $ 43,103 LIABILITIES AND EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 5,651 Loans and notes payable 6,701 Current maturities of long-term debt 461 Accrued income taxes 356 TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 13,169 LONG-TERM DEBT 5,017 OTHER LIABILITIES 2,944 DEFERRED INCOME TAXES 865 THE COCA-COLA COMPANY SHAREOWNERS EQUITY Common stock, $0.25 par value; Authorized 5,600 shares 880 Capital surplus 8,021 Reinvested earnings 38,911 Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (2,893) Treasury stock, at cost (24,207) EQUITY ATTRIBUTABLE TO SHAREOWNERS OF THE COCA-COLA COMPANY 20,712 EQUITY ATTRIBUTABLE TO NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS 396 TOTAL EQUITY 21,108 TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY $ 43,103 Note: The financial information included in this section should be read in conjunction with Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial condition and Result of notes to consolidated financial statement contained in our companys quarterly report on form 10 -q and 2008 annual report on form 10-k. The Coca-Cola Company and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (UNAUDITED) (In millions) Three Months Ended April 3, 2009 OPERATING ACTIVITIES Consolidated net income $ 1,359 Depreciation and amortization 283 Stock-based compensation expense 53 Deferred income taxes (20) Equity income or loss, net of dividends (3) Foreign currency adjustments 42 Gains on sales of assets, including bottling interests (5) Other operating charges 74 Other items 100 Net change in operating assets and liabilities (1,010) Net cash provided by operating activities 873 INVESTING ACTIVITIES Acquisitions and investments, principally beverage and bottling companies and trademarks (179) Purchases of other investments (6) Proceeds from disposals of bottling companies and other investments 37 Purchases of property, plant and equipment (467) Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment 7 Other investing activities 9 Net cash used in investing activities (599) FINANCING ACTIVITIES Issuances of debt 5,758 Payments of debt (3,001) Issuances of stock 10 Purchases of stock for treasury Dividends (950) Net cash provided by financing activities 1,817 EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 24 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Net increase during the period 2,115 Balance at beginning of period 4,701 Balance at end of period $ 6,816 Note: The financial information included in this section should be read in conjunction with Managements Discussion  and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements  contained in our Companys 2009 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and 2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: We are required to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and to publish on our website, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which discloses the Companys annual financial performance. To ensure the trust of our people, those with whom we do business and our other stakeholders, we publish a variety of reports annually regarding our performance in various aspects of our business, not just financial performance. These reports reflect, among other things, our performance and accomplishments in the areas of product safety, quality and integrity, marketing and innovation, community support, workplace rights and protecting the environment.

Donaldsons Beowulf Essay -- Donaldson Beowulf Essays

Donaldson's Beowulf "Fate often saves an undoomed man when his courage is good" -Beowulf (Donaldson, 12) The passage that I analyzed spans the action when Beowulf returns to the halls of Heorot after a harsh battle with Grendel’s mother. He returns to king Hrothgar in the great hall of Heorot to say that he has successfully completed his boast and killed Grendel’s mother. Beowulf states that it has been a very difficult underwater battle and that he has barely escaped with his life, â€Å"The fight would have been ended straightway if God had not guarded me† (Donaldson, 29). Beowulf mentions this due to the fact that the sword given to him by Unferth, called Hrunting, was powerless against Grendel’s Mother. Hrunting is useless against Grendel’s mother due to the fact that she has the same charm upon her as Grendel did, which is that no normal sword can pierce her skin. Then, by chance, Beowulf finds an ancient sword on a wall during the battle and uses it against the monster. This sword, which was crafted by the giants, is able to pierce th e monster's skin and after one swing, the monster was cut in half. After using this ancient sword to murder the monster, Beowulf watches the blade of the sword melt away due to the toxicity of the monster's blood, until only the hilt was left. A hilt is the handle of a weapon or tool. The hilt is decorated with runic symbols and was given to King Hrothgar of the Danes as proof of Beowulf’s exploits. The King is also given the severed head of Grendel as further reassurance that their troubles at the great hall of Heorot is over. Hrothgar then tells Beowulf, â€Å"Lo, this may one say who works truth and right for the folk, recalls all things far distant, an old guardian of ... ...th for his murders. Beowulf, who is also responsible for the killing of Grendel, is killed as well. The dragon and the trolls, as well as Beowulf, are responsible for their actions. They are all killed: â€Å"He would repay Grendel for the many attacks he made on the West-Danes . . . devouring Danish† (Donaldson 28). This is another example of â€Å"wergild† being applied. Wergild was a part of the warrior code. After the death of Aeschere, Hrothgar’s great advisor and friend, Beowulf says to his lord, â€Å"Sorrow not, wise warrior. It is better to avenge his friend than much mourn† (Donaldson 25). Beowulf was composed during the most noble of times and we enjoy it for what it is. The greatest treasure Beowulf has to offer us is the escape from our reality into our history. Work Cited Donaldson, E. Talbot. Beowulf. Ed. Nicholas Howe. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2002.

Causes Of The Great Depression Essay -- Great Depression History Econo

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1929 the stock market crashed, triggering the worst depression ever in U.S. history, which lasted for about a decade. During the 1920s, the unequal distribution of wealth and the stock market speculation combined to create an unstable economy by the end of the decade. The unequal distribution of the wealth had several outlets. Money was distributed between industry and agriculture within the U.S.; in social classes, between the rich and middle class; and lastly in world markets, between America and Europe. Due to the imbalance of the wealth, the economy became very unstable. The stock market crashed because of the excessive speculation in the 1920’s, which made the stock market artificially high (Galbraith 175). The poor distribution of the wealth, excessive speculation, and the stock market crashes caused the U.S. economy to fail, signaling the start of the Great Depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1920’s were a time when the American people and the economy were thriving. This period of time was called the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. Unemployment dropped as low as 3 percent, prices held steady, and the gross national product climbed from $70 billion in 1922 to nearly $100 billion in1929 (EV 525). However, the prosperity of the 1920’s was not shared evenly among the social classes in America. A study conducted by the Brookings Institution stated, â€Å"78 percent of all American families had incomes of less than $3,000. Forty percent had family incomes of less than $1,500. Only 2.3 percent of the population enjoyed incomes of over $10,000. Sixty thousand American families held savings which amounted to the total held by the bottom 25 million families.† (Goldston 26). The 40 percent of Americans at the lowest end of the economic scale received only 12 percent of the national income by 1929 (EV 549). This maldistribution of income b etween the rich and the middle class increased throughout the 1920’s. A major reason for this large and growing gap between the upper class and the working class Americans was that the manufacturing output increased throughout this period. As the production costs fell, wages went up slowly, and prices for goods remained at a constant. The majority of the benefits created by increased productivity fell into the hands of corporate owners. The federal government also helped to make the growing gap between the upper and middle classes. President Calvin ... ...yers were available at any price (EV 549).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This speculation and the resulting stock market crash acted as a trigger to the already unstable U.S. economy. Due to the poor distribution of wealth, the economy of the 1920’s was one very much dependent upon confidence. President Hoover stated, â€Å"†¦the crisis has been isolated to the stock market itself.† (Docs Hoover). The market crash proved this confidence to be wrong. The rich stopped spending on luxury items, and the middle and lower classes stopped using credit in fear of losing their jobs and defaulting on their loans. As a result, industrial production fell by nine percent causing people to lose their jobs and default on loans (Galbraith 42). Industries started to fall apart around the automobile and radio industries. The rich refused to make loans to foreign countries for fear of going bankrupt. Foreigners stopped buying U.S. goods. Banks started to go under, stores closed up. President Hoover did not act in time to stop the count ry from going further into a depression (Docs Hoover). Unemployment had reached 13 million in 1932 (EV 549); the country went quickly downhill. The start of the Great Depression was setting in.

The Role of Foreshadowing in the Prologue of Harry Mulischs The Assaul

The prologue of a novel plays a crucial role in introducing the setting of the story. The prologue also sets the tone of the tale and can sometimes hide vital information from the reader. The art of foreshadowing is often used in the prologue, and after reading through the story, reverting back to the prologue can help connect the many themes and motifs that are prevalent throughout the narrative. A high-quality example of a prose with a prologue that is riddled with underlying foreshadowing is The Assault, by Harry Mulisch. By analyzing a single passage of the prologue and comparing it with other small potions of the text, the foretelling of events in the prologue of The Assault by Harry Mulisch can easily be related to how Anton believed the killing of his family was a simple affair, when in reality, it was a more complicated incident than Anton could have fathomed. During the prologue, the narrator spoke of when Anton used to hang out near the canal. It was at this point when Anton was ?lying on the grassy bank and staring in to the distance? that a numerous amount of foreshadowing occurred (Mulisch 5). The last thirteen lines of the prologue in The Assault, when the motorboat created a ripple effect, corresponded to how complicated the killing of Anton?s family really was. Anton saw the motorboat do the following: Pitching, their prows would tear the water into a V shape that spread until it reached both sides of the canal. There the water would suddenly begin to lap up and down, even though the boat was already far away. Then the waves bounced back and formed an inverted V, which interfered with the original V, reached the opposite shore transformed, and bounced back again-until all across the water a complicated ... ...d and left. Mulisch?s use of foreshadowing in the prologue allayed to how the rest of the novel would play out. His hints gave a broad scope of how that fateful night seemed so simple, yet the underlying complexities led it to be a burden upon many people. The parallelism of the waves created by the motorboat and the cause and effect relationship of the night when Anton?s family was killed was prevalent throughout the novel. What Anton thought was a night that only affected him, in actuality affected many different people throughout the story. By reverting back to the prologue after the novel has been made and making connections throughout the book, the foreshadowing that Harry Mulisch used was clearly present. By analyzing a short and seemingly simple, yet deeply insightful, passage of the prologue, The Assault by Harry Mulisch can be understood at a higher level.

Introduction Internet Protocol Suite Essay

The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and similar networks, and generally the most popularprotocol stack for wide area networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its most important protocols: Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first networking protocols defined in this standard. It is occasionally known as the DoD model due to the foundational influence of the ARPANET in the 1970s (operated by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense). TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. It has four abstraction layers, each with its own protocols. From lowest to highest, the layers are: The link layer (commonly Ethernet) contains communication technologies for a local network. The internet layer (IP) connects local networks, thus establishing internetworking. The transport layer (TCP) handles host-to-host communication. See more: introduction paragraph example The application layer (for example HTTP) contains all protocols for specific data communications services on a process-to-process level (for example how a web browser communicates with a web server). The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). SRI First Internetworked Connection diagram Layers in the Internet protocol suite Two Internet hosts connected via two routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop. The application on each host executes read and write operations as if the processes were directly connected to each other by some kind of data pipe. Every other detail of the communication is hidden from each process. The underlying mechanisms that transmit data between the host computers are located in the lower protocol layers. Encapsulation of application data descending through the layers described in RFC 1122 The Internet protocol suite uses encapsulation to provide abstraction of protocols and services. Encapsulation is usually aligned with the division of the protocol suite into layers of general functionality. In general, an application (the highest level of the model) uses a set of protocols to send its data down the layers, being further encapsulated at each level. The â€Å"layers† of the protocol suite near the top are logically closer to the user application, while those near the bottom are logically closer to the physical transmission of the data. Viewing layers as providing or consuming a service is a method ofabstraction to isolate upper layer protocols from the nitty-gritty detail of transmitting bits over, for example, Ethernet and collision detection, while the lower layers avoid having to know the details of each and every application and its protocol. Even when the layers are examined, the assorted architectural documents—there is no single architectural model such as ISO 7498, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model—have fewer and less rigidly defined layers than the OSI model, and thus provide an easier fit for real-world protocols. In point of fact, one frequently referenced document, RFC 1958, does not contain a stack of layers. The lack of emphasis on layering is a strong difference between the IETF and OSI approaches. It only refers to the existence of the â€Å"internetworking layer† and generally to â€Å"upper layers†; this document was intended as a 1996 â€Å"snapshot† of the architecture: â€Å"The Internet and its architecture have grown in evolutionary fashion from modest beginnings, rather than from a Grand Plan. While this process of evolution is one of the main reasons for the technology’s success, it nevertheless seems useful to record a snapshot of the current principles of the Internet architecture. RFC 1122, entitled Host Requirements, is structured in paragraphs referring to layers, but the document refers to many other architectural principles not emphasizing layering. It loosely defines a four-layer model, with the layers having names, not numbers, as follows: †¢Application layer (process-to-process): This is the scope within which applications create user data and communicate this data to other processes or applications on another or the same host. The communications partners are often called peers. This is where the â€Å"higher level† protocols such as SMTP, FTP, SSH, HTTP, etc. operate. †¢Transport layer (host-to-host): The transport layer constitutes the networking regime between two network hosts, either on the local network or on remote networks separated by routers. The transport layer provides a uniform networking interface that hides the actual topology (layout) of the underlying network connections. This is where flow-control, error-correction, and connection protocols exist, such as TCP. This layer deals with opening and maintaining connections between Internet hosts. Internet layer (internetworking): The internet layer has the task of exchanging datagrams across network boundaries. It is therefore also referred to as the layer that establishes internetworking, indeed, it defines and establishes the Internet. This layer defines the addressing and routing structures used for the TCP/IP protocol suite. The primary protocol in this scope is the Internet Protocol, which defines IP addresses. Its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next IP router that has the connectivity to a network closer to the final data destination. Link layer: This layer defines the networking methods within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers. This layer describes the protocols used to describe the local network topology and the interfaces needed to effect transmission of Internet layer datagrams to next-neighbor hosts. (cf. the OSI data link layer). The Internet protocol suite and the layered protocol stack design were in use before the OSI model was established. Since then, the TCP/IP model has been compared with the OSI model in books and classrooms, which often results in confusion because the two models use different assumptions, including about the relative importance of strict layering. This abstraction also allows upper layers to provide services that the lower layers cannot, or choose not, to provide. Again, the original OSI model was extended to include connectionless services (OSIRM CL). For example, IP is not designed to be reliable and is a best effort delivery protocol. This means that all transport layer implementations must choose whether or not to provide reliability and to what degree. UDP provides data integrity (via a checksum) but does not guarantee delivery; TCP provides both data integrity and delivery guarantee (by retransmitting until the receiver acknowledges the reception of the packet). This model lacks the formalism of the OSI model and associated documents, but the IETF does not use a formal model and does not consider this a limitation, as in the comment by David D. Clark, â€Å"We reject: kings, presidents and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code. † Criticisms of this model, which have been made with respect to the OSI model, often do not consider ISO’s later extensions to that model. 1. For multiaccess links with their own addressing systems (e. g. Ethernet) an address mapping protocol is needed. Such protocols can be considered to be below IP but above the existing link system. While the IETF does not use the terminology, this is a subnetwork dependent convergence facility according to an extension to the OSI model, the internal organization of the network layer (IONL). . ICMP & IGMP operate on top of IP but do not transport data like UDP or TCP. Again, this functionality exists as layer management extensions to the OSI model, in its Management Framework (OSIRM MF) . 3. The SSL/TLS library operates above the transport layer (uses TCP) but below application protocols. Again, there was no intention, on the part of the designers of these protocols, to comply with OSI architecture. 4. The link is treated like a black box here. This is fine for discussing IP (since the whole point of IP is it will run over virtually anything). The IETF explicitly does not intend to discuss transmission systems, which is a less academic but practical alternative to the OSI model. The following is a description of each layer in the TCP/IP networking model starting from the lowest level. Link layer The link layer is the networking scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached. This regime is called the link in Internet literature. This is the lowest component layer of the Internet protocols, as TCP/IP is designed to be hardware independent. As a result TCP/IP is able to be implemented on top of virtually any hardware networking technology. The link layer is used to move packets between the Internet layer interfaces of two different hosts on the same link. The processes of transmitting and receiving packets on a given link can be controlled both in the software device driver for the network card, as well as on firmware or specialized chipsets. These will perform data link functions such as adding a packet header to prepare it for transmission, then actually transmit the frame over a physical medium. The TCP/IP model includes specifications of translating the network addressing methods used in the Internet Protocol to data link addressing, such as Media Access Control (MAC), however all other aspects below that level are implicitly assumed to exist in the link layer, but are not explicitly defined. This is also the layer where packets may be selected to be sent over a virtual private network or other networking tunnel. In this scenario, the link layer data may be considered application data which traverses another instantiation of the IP stack for transmission or reception over another IP connection. Such a connection, or virtual link, may be established with a transport protocol or even an application scope protocol that serves as a tunnel in the link layer of the protocol stack. Thus, the TCP/IP model does not dictate a strict hierarchical encapsulation sequence. Internet layer The internet layer has the responsibility of sending packets across potentially multiple networks. Internetworking requires sending data from the source network to the destination network. This process is called routing In the Internet protocol suite, the Internet Protocol performs two basic functions: †¢Host addressing and identification: This is accomplished with a hierarchical addressing system (see IP address). †¢Packet routing: This is the basic task of sending packets of data (datagrams) from source to destination by sending them to the next network node (router) closer to the final destination. The internet layer is not only agnostic of application data structures at the transport layer, but it also does not distinguish between operation of the various transport layer protocols. So, IP can carry data for a variety of different upper layer protocols. These protocols are each identified by a unique protocol number: for example, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) are protocols 1 and 2, respectively. Some of the protocols carried by IP, such as ICMP (used to transmit diagnostic information about IP transmission) and IGMP (used to manage IP Multicast data) are layered on top of IP but perform internetworking functions. This illustrates the differences in the architecture of the TCP/IP stack of the Internet and the OSI model. The internet layer only provides an unreliable datagram transmission facility between hosts located on potentially different IP networks by forwarding the transport layer datagrams to an appropriate next-hop router for further relaying to its destination. With this functionality, the internet layer makes possible internetworking, the interworking of different IP networks, and it essentially establishes the Internet. The Internet Protocol is the rincipal component of the internet layer, and it defines two addressing systems to identify network hosts computers, and to locate them on the network. The original address system of the ARPANET and its successor, the Internet, is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). It uses a 32-bit IP address and is therefore capable of identifying approximately four billion hosts. This limitation was eliminated by the standardization of Internet Protoc ol version 6 (IPv6) in 1998, and beginning production implementations in approximately 2006.

Single Phase Transformer

Transformer BEE2123 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Mohd Rusllim Bin Mohamed Ext: 2080 A1-E10-C09 [email  protected] edu. my  © MRM 05 Learning Outcomes ? At the end of the lecture, student should to: ? Understand the principle and the nature of static machines of transformer. Perform an analysis on transformers which their principles are basic to the understanding of electrical machines. ?  © MRM 05 Introduction ? ? ? ? A transformer is a static machines. The word „transformer? comes form the word „transform?.Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but is a device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field, without a change in frequency. It can be either to step-up or step down. Transmission System TX1 TX1 Generation Station 33/13. 5kV 13. 5/6. 6kV Distributions TX1 TX1  © MRM 05 6. 6kV/415V Consumer Transformer Construction ? Two types of iron-core construction: a) b) C ore – type construction Shell – type construction ? Core – type construction  © MRM 05 Transformer Construction ? Shell – type construction MRM 05 Ideal Transformer ? An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i. e. it? s winding has no ohmic resistance, no magnetic leakage, and therefore no I2 R and core loses. ? However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in practice. ? Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will be used in characterized the practical transformer. N1 : N2 I1 V1 E1 E2 I2 V2 V1 – Primary Voltage V2 – Secondary Voltage E1 – Primary induced Voltage E2 – secondary induced Voltage N1:N2 – Transformer ratio  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation ? Faraday? s Law states that, ?If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect of time. Vind ? Emf ind d? (t ) dt Lenz? s Law If we have N turns of wire, Vind ? Emf ind d? (t ) ? ?N dt  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation ? For an ac sources, ? Let V(t) = Vm sin? t i(t) = im sin? t Since the flux is a sinusoidal function; ?(t ) ? ? m sin ? t Then: Therefore: d? m sin ? t Vind ? Emf ind ? ? N dt ? ? N m cos ? t Thus: Vind ? Emfind (max) ? N m ? 2? fN? m N m 2? fN? m ? ? ? 4. 44 fN? m 2 2  © MRM 05 Emf ind ( rms) Transformer Equation For an ideal transformer E1 4. 44 fN1? m †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (i) ? In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the output power, and this condition is said to ideal condition of a transformer. E2 4. 44 fN 2? m Input power ? output power V1 I1 cos ? ? V2 I 2 cos ? ? V1 I 2 ? V2 I1 ? From the ideal transformer circuit, note that, E1 ? V1 and E2 ? V2 ? Hence, substitute in (i)  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation Therefore, E1 N1 I 2 ? ? ? a E2 N 2 I1 Where, „a? is the Voltage Transformation Ratio ; which will determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up or step-down For a >1 For a E2 E1 < E2  © MRM 05Step-down Step-up Transformer Rating ? Transformer rating is normally written in terms of Apparent Power. ? Apparent power is actually the product of its rated current and rated voltage. VA ? V1I1 ? V2 I 2 ? Where, ? I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding. ? V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary winding. ? Rated currents are actually the full load currents in transformer  © MRM 05 Example 1. 1. 5kVA single phase transformer has rated voltage of 144/240 V. Finds its full load current. Solution 1500 I1FL ? ? 10. 45 A 144 1500 I 2 FL ? ? 6A 240  © MRM 05 Example 2.A single phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the core is 60m2. If the primary winding is connected to a 50Hz supply at 520V, calculate: a) The induced voltage in the secondary winding b) The peak value of flux densit y in the core Solution N1=400 V1=520V A=60m2 N2=1000 V2=?  © MRM 05 Example 2 (Cont) a) Know that, N1 V1 a? ? N 2 V2 400 520 ? 1000 V2 V2 ? 1300V b) Emf, E ? 4. 44 fN ? m ? 4. 44 fN ? Bm ? A? known, E1 ? 520V , E2 ? 1300V E ? 4. 44 fN ? Bm ? A? 520 ? 4. 44(50)(400)( Bm )(60) Bm ? 0. 976 x10 ? 5Wb / m 2 (T )  © MRM 05 Example 3.A 25kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50Hz supply. Find: Full load primary and secondary current b) The induced voltage in the secondary winding c) The maximum flux in the core Solution VA = 25kVA N1=500 V1=3000V N2=50 V2=? a)  © MRM 05 Example 3 (Cont) a) Know that, VA ? V ? I I1FL VA 25 ? 103 ? ? ? 8. 33 A V1 3000 b) Induced voltage, N1 I 2 a? ? N 2 I1 ? 8. 33 ? I 2 ? 500? ? ? 83. 3 A ? 50 ? I1 ? 8. 33 ? E2 ? E1 ? 3000? ? ? 300V I2 ? 83. 3 ? c) Max flux E ? 4. 44 fN ? 300 ? 4. 44(50)(50)? ? ? 27mWb  © MRM 05Practical Transformer (Equivalent Circuit) I1 R1 X1 Ic V1 RC Io I1 ’ Im Load Xm E1 E2 V2 N1: N2 I2 R2 X2 V1 = primary supply voltage V2 = 2nd terminal (load) voltage E1 = primary winding voltage E2 = 2nd winding voltage I1 = primary supply current I2 = 2nd winding current I1? = primary winding current Io = no load current Ic = core current Im = magnetism current R1= primary winding resistance R2= 2nd winding resistance X1= primary winding leakage reactance X2= 2nd winding leakage reactance Rc  © MRM 05= core resistance Xm= magnetism reactance Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Actual MethodI1 R1 X1 Ic Io I2 ’ Im Load RC Xm E1 E2 V2 R2’ X2’ N1: N2 I2 V1 ? N1 ? R2 ‘ ? ? ? N ? R2 ? ? 2? ? N1 ? X2'? ? ? N ? X2 ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 ?N ? ‘ E1 ? V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? I I2 ‘ ? 2 a  © MRM 05 OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Approximate Method I1 R1 X1 R2’ X2’ Ic V1 RC Io I2 ’ Im Load Xm E1 E2 N1: N2 I2 V2 ?N ? R2 ‘ ? ? 1 ? R2 ? N ? ? 2? ?N ? X2'? ? 1 ? X2 ? N ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 ?N ? ‘ E1 ? V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? I I2 ‘ ? 2 a  © MRM 05 OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Approximate Method I1 R01 X01V1 aV2 In some application, the excitation branch has a small current compared to load current, thus it may be neglected without causing serious error. ?N ? R2 ‘ ? ? 1 ? R2 ? N ? ? 2? ?N ? X2'? ? 1 ? X2 ? N ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 ?N ? ‘ V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 R01 ? R1 ? R2 ‘  © MRM 05 X 01 ? X 1 ? X 2 ‘ Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Secondary) ? Actual Method I1 ’ R1’ X1’ Ic Io I2 Im Xm’ R2 X2 V1 a RC’ V2 ?N ? R1 R1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? R1 OR R1 ‘ ? 2 ? N ? a ? 1? ?N ? X 1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? X 1 OR ? N ? ? 1? 2 2 ?N ? V V1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? V1 OR V1 ‘ ? 1 ? N ? a ? 1?  © MRM 05 X1' ? X1 a2Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Secondary) ? Approximate Method I1 ’ R02 X02 Neglect the excitation branch V1 a V2 R02 ? R1 ‘? R2 X 02 ? X 1 ‘? X 2 ?N ? R1 R1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? R1 OR R1 ‘ ? 2 ? N ? a ? 1? ?N ? X 1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? X 1 OR ? N ? ? 1? 2 2 ? N2 ? V ? ?V1 OR V1 ‘ ? 1 V1 ‘ ? ? N1 ? a ? ? I1 ‘ ? aI1  © MRM 05 X1' ? X1 a2 Example 4. For the parameters obtained from the test of 20kVA 2600/245 V single phase transformer, refer all the parameters to the high voltage side if all the parameters are obtained at lower voltage side side. Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4? Solution Given Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. ? , X2 = j12. 4?  © MRM 05 Example 4 (Cont) i) Refer to H. V side (primary) E1 V1 2600 a? ? ? ? 10. 61 E2 V2 245 R2 ‘ ? a 2 R2 2 V2 ‘ ? aV2 To refer parameters to primary, Use R2? =(10. 61)2 (7. 5) = 844. 65? , X2? =j(10. 61)2 (12. 4) = 1. 396k? Rc? and X c? becoz parameters were read from secondary side Rc? =(10. 61)2 (3. 3) = 371. 6? , Xm? =j(10. 61)2 (1. 5) = j168. 9 ?  © MRM 05 2nd I I2 ‘ ? 2 X2'? a X2 a Example (What if.. ) 4. For the parameters obtained from the test of 20kVA 245/2600 V single phase transformer, refer all the parameters to the high voltage side if all the parameters are obtained at lower voltage side side.Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4? Solution Given Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4?  © MRM 05 Power Factor ? Power factor = angle between Current and Voltage, cos ? V I ? I ? = -ve Lagging ? V I V ? = +ve Leading ?=1 unity  © MRM 05 Example 5. A 10 kVA single phase transformer 2000/440V has primary resistance and reactance of 5. 5? and 12? respectively, while the resistance and reactance of secondary winding is 0. 2? and 0. 45 ? respectively. Calculate: i. ii. The parameter referred to high voltage side and draw the equivalent circuit The approximate value of seco ndary voltage at full load of 0. lagging power factor, when primary supply is 2000V.  © MRM 05 Example 5 (Cont) Solution R1=5. 5 ? , X1=j12 ? R2=0. 2 ? , X2=j0. 45 ? i) Refer to H. V side (primary) E V 2000 a? 1 ? 1 ? ? 4. 55 E2 V2 440 I1 R01 9. 64 V1 X01 21. 32 aV2 R2? =(4. 55)2 (0. 2) = 4. 14? , X2? =j(4. 55)20. 45 = j9. 32 ? Therefore, R01=R1+R2? =5. 5 + 4. 13 = 9. 64 ?  © MRM X01=X1+X2? =j12 + j9. 32 = j21. 3205? Example 5 (Cont) Solution ii) Secondary voltage p. f = 0. 8 Cos ? = 0. 8 ? =36. 87o 10 ? 103VA Full load, I FL ? ? 5A 2000V From eqn. cct, 1 V1? 0o ? ( R01 ? jX 01)( I1? ? ? o ) ? aV2 2000? 0o ? (9. 64 ? j 21. 32)(5? ? 36. 87 o ) ? (4. 5)V2 V2 ? 422. 6? 0. 8o  © MRM 05 Transformer Losses ? i. ii. Generally, there are two types of losses; Iron losses :- occur in core parameters Copper losses :- occur in winding resistance i. Iron Losses Piron ? Pc ? ( I c) 2 Rc ? Popen circuit ii. Copper Losses Pcopper ? Pcu ? ( I 1) 2 R1 ? ( I 2) 2 R2 ? Pshort circuit or if referr ed , Pcu ? ( I 1) 2 R01 ? ( I 2) 2 R02  © MRM 05 Poc and Psc will be discusses later in transformer test Transformer Efficiency ? To check the performance of the device, by comparing the output with respect to the input. ? The higher the efficiency, the better the system. Efficiency ,? Output Power ? 100% Input Power Pout ? ?100% Pout ? Plosses ? V2 I 2 cos ? ?100% V2 I 2 cos ? ? Pc ? Pcu ? ( fullload) ? ?(load n ) ? VA cos ? ?100% VA cos ? ? Pc ? Pcu nVA cos ? ?100% 2 nVA cos ? ? Pc ? n Pcu Where, if ? load, hence n = ? , ? load, n= ? , 90% of full load, n =0. 9 Where Pcu = Psc Pc = Poc  © MRM 05 nmax ? ? Poc VArated ? P ? ? sc ? ? ? VArated ? ? ? ? Pc VArated ? P ? ? cu ? ?VArated ? ? ? Voltage Regulation ? The measure of how well a power transformer maintains constant secondary voltage over a range of load currents is called the transformer's voltage regulation ?The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the percentage of voltage drop between no lo ad and full load.  © MRM 05 Voltage Regulation ? For calculation of Voltage Regulation, terminologies may be quite confusing, hence you need always think in current, I (A) point of view â€Å"Full-load† means the point at which the transformer ? is operating at maximum permissible secondary current ? When connected to load, current being drawn, hence Voltage drop) ? ? No Load means at Rated At no load, current almost zero, so takes Voltage at rated  © MRM 05 value – think like an open circuit) Voltage Regulation Voltage Regulation can be determine based on 3 methods: a) b) c) Basic Definition Short – circuit Test Equivalent Circuit  © MRM 05 Voltage Regulation (Basic Defination) ? In this method, all parameter are being referred to primary or secondary side. ? Can be represented in either ? Down – voltage Regulation Note that: VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VNL (at Rated Value) VNL ? Up – Voltage Regulation VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VFL  © MRM 05 Vo ltage Regulation (Short – circuit Test) ? In this method, direct formula can be used. V . R ? V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V1 ?100% If s/c test on primary side Vsc cos c ? ? p. f ? V2 ?100% If s/c test on primary side Note that: „–? is for Lagging power factor „+? is for Leading power factor Must check that Isc must equal to IFL (I at Rated), otherwise  © MRM 05 can? t use this formula Voltage Regulation (Equivalent Circuit ) ? In this method, the parameters must be referred to primary or secondary V . R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 I 2 R02 cos ? p. f ? X 02 sin ? p. f V2 ? 100% 100% If referred to primary side V . R ? ? If referred to secondary side Note that: „+? is for Lagging power factor „–? is for Leading power factor  © MRM 05 assume j terms ~0Comment on VR ? Purely Resistive Load ? > 3 % is considered poor VR Normally poor than Resistive Load ? Inductive Load ? ? Example of application Desired Poor VR ? ? Disc harge lighting AC arc welders  © MRM 05 Example 6. In example 5, determine the Voltage regulation by using down – voltage regulation and equivalent circuit. Question 5 A 10 kVA single phase transformer 2000/440V and V1? 0o ? ( R01 ? jX 01)( I1? ? ? o ) ? aV2 2000? 0o ? (9. 64 ? j 21. 32)(5? ? 36. 87 o ) ? (4. 55)V2 V2 ? 422. 6? 0. 8o  © MRM 05 Example Solution Down – voltage Regulation Know that, V2FL=422. 6V V2NL=440V Therefore, V .R ? VNL ? VFL ? 100% VNL 440 ? 422. 6 ? ?100% 440 ? 3. 95%  © MRM 05 Example 6 (Cont) Equivalent Circuit I1=5A R01=9. 64? X01 = 21. 32? V1=2000V, 0. 8 lagging p. f V . R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 ? 100% 5 ? 9. 64(0. 8) ? 21. 32(0. 6)? ? ? 100% 2000 ? 5. 12%  © MRM 05 Example A short circuit test was performed at the secondary side of 10kVA, 240/100V transformer. Determine the voltage regulation at 0. 8 lagging power factor if Vsc =18V Isc =100 Psc=240W Solution Check: 7. I FL2 I FL2 VA 10000 ? ? ? 100 A V 100 ? I sc , Hence, we can use short-circuit method V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. ? V2  © MRM 05 ?100% Example 7 (Cont) V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V2 ? 100% Given p. f ? 0. 8 Hence, ? p. f ? cos ? 1 0. 8 ? 36. 87 o Know that , Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? sc ? cos ? 1 ? ? ? Psc ? ? ? ? Vsc I sc ? 18 cos 82. 34o ? 36. 87 o V . R ? ?100% 100  © MRM 05 ? 12. 62% ? ? 240 ? ? ? 82. 34 o ? cos ? 1 ? ? (18)(100) ? ? ? ? Example 8. The following data were obtained in test on 20kVA 2400/240V, 60Hz transformer. Vsc =72V Isc =8. 33A Psc=268W Poc=170W The measuring instrument are connected in the primary side for short circuit test. Determine the voltage regulation for 0. 8 lagging p. f. use all 3 methods), full load efficiency and half load efficiency.  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V2 ? 100% Given p. f ? 0. 8 Hence, ? p. f ? cos ?1 0. 8 ? 36. 87 o Know that , Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? Psc ? ? sc ? cos ? ?V I ? ? ? sc sc ? ? 268 ? ? ? 63. 4o ? cos ? 1 ? ? (72)(8. 33) ? ? ? ?1 Z sc ? Vsc 72 ? ? 8. 64? I sc 8. 33 ? Z sc ? 8. 64? 63. 4o ? 3. 86 ? j 7. 72 ? R01 ? jX 01 because connected to primary side.  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) 1. Short Circuit method , V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V1 ? 100% 72 cos 63. 4o ? 36. 87 o V . R ? ?100% ? 2. 68% 2400 ? ? 2. Equivalent circuit , V .R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 ? ? ? 100% 20000 ? 3. 86(0. 8) ? 7. 72(0. 6)? 2400 ? 100% ? 2. 68% 2400  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) 3. Basic Defination , V1 ? I1Z 01 ? aV2 ? 20000 ? 2400 ? o? o 2400? 0 ? ? ? ? 36. 87 ? 8. 64? 63. 4 ? ? ? V2 ? 2400 ? ? 240 ? V2 ? 233. 58? 0. 79 o V o ? ? VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VNL ? 240 ? 233. 58 ? 100% 240 ? 2. 68%  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) ?( full load) (1)(20000)(0. 8) ? ?100% ? 97. 34% 2 (1)(20000)(0. 8) ? 170 ? (1) (268) (0. 5)(20000)(0. 8) ? ?100% ? 97. 12% 2 (0. 5)(20000)(0. 8) ? 170 ? (0. 5) (268) ?( half load)  © MRM 05 Measurement on Transformer ? i. ii.There are two test conducted on transformer. Open Circuit Test Shor t Circuit test ? ? ? The test is conducted to determine the parameter of the transformer. Open circuit test is conducted to determine magnetism parameter, Rc and Xm. Short circuit test is conducted to determine the copper parameter depending where the test is performed. If performed at primary, hence the parameters are R01 and ©X0105and vice-versa. MRM Open-Circuit Test ? ? Voc Ic Measurement are at low voltage side Poc ? Voc I oc cos ? oc From a given test parameters, ? ?1 ? P oc Voc ? oc ? cos ? Voc ? V I ? ? ? oc oc ? I sin? Im Ic oc oc Ioc RcXm ?oc Ioccos? oc Hence, I c ? I oc cos ? oc ? Im I m ? I oc sin ? oc Then, Rc and X m , Voc Voc Rc ? , Xm ? Ic Im Note: If the question asked parameters referred to high voltage side, the parameters (Rc and Xm) obtained need to be referred to high voltage side  © MRM 05 Short-Circuit Test ? ? Measurement are at high voltage side If the given test parameters are taken on primary side, R01 and X01 will be obtained. Or else, viceversa. R01 X01 Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? Psc ? ? sc ? cos ? ?V I ? ? ? sc sc ? Hence, Vsc Z 01 ? sc I sc ? 1  © MRM 05 For a case referred to Primary side Z 01 ? R01 ? jX 01 Example 9.Given the test on 500kVA 2300/208V are as follows: Poc = 3800W Psc = 6200W Voc = 208V Vsc = 95V Ioc = 52. 5A Isc = 217. 4A Determine the transformer parameters and draw equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side. Also calculate appropriate value of V2 at full load, the full load efficiency, half load efficiency and voltage regulation, when power factor is 0. 866 lagging.  © MRM 05 [1392? , 517. 2? , 0. 13? , 0. 44? , 202V, 97. 74%, 97. 59%, 3. 04%] Example 9 (Cont) From Open Circuit Test, Poc ? Voc I oc cos ? oc ? 3800 ? ? ? 69. 6o ? oc ? cos ? ? (52. 5)(208) ? ? ? I c ? I oc cos ? oc ? 1 Voc Ic Iocsin? oc IocIoccos? oc ? 52. 5 cos 69. 6o ? 18. 26 A I m ? I oc sin ? oc ? 52. 5 sin 69. 6o ? 49. 2 A ?oc Im ?  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Since Voc=208V i. e. low voltage side ? all reading are taken on th e secondary side (low voltage side) Voc 208 Rc ? ? ? 11. 39? I c 18. 26 Voc 208 Xm ? ? ? 4. 23? I m 49. 21 Parameters referred to high voltage side, ? E1 ? ? 2300 ? Rc ‘ ? Rc ? ? ? 11. 39? ? ? 1392? ?E ? ? 208 ? ? 2? 2 2 ? E1 ? ? 2300 ? ? ? ? 4. 23? Xm'? Xm? ? ? 517 ? MRM 05 . 21?  © ? 208 ? ? E2 ? 2 2 Example 9 (Cont) From Short Circuit Test, First, check the Isc I FL1 VA 500 ? 103 ? ? ? 217. 4 A V1 2300 Since IFL1 =Isc , ? ll reading are actually taken on the primary side Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? 6200 ? ? ? 72. 53o ? sc ? cos ? ? (95)(217. 4) ? ? ? ?1 ?V ? Z 01 ? ? sc sc ? I ? ? sc ? ? 95 ? o o 72. 53 ? 0. 44? 72. 53 ? 217. 4 ?  © MRM 05 ? 0. 13 ? j 0. 42? Example 9 (Cont) Equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side, R01 0. 13? X01 0. 42? V1 Rc 1392? Xm 517. 21? V2? =aV2  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) For V2 at full load, neglect the magnetism parameters, R01 0. 13? X01 0. 42? v1 v2? pf ? cos ? ? 0. 866 ? ? cos ? 1 0. 866 ? 30o  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Efficie ncy,? ? ? VA cos ? ? FL ? ? ? ?100% ? VA cos ? ? Psc ? Poc ? ? ? 500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? ? 100% (500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? 6200 ? 3800 ? ? ? 97. 74% ? ? nVA cos ? ?1 L ? ? ? ? 100% 2 nVA cos ? ? n 2 Psc ? Poc ? ? ? ? (0. 5)(500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? ? 100% 3 2 ? (0. 5)(500 ? 10 )(0. 866) ? (6200)(0. 5) ? 3800 ? ? 97. 59%  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Voltage Regulation, ?Vsc cos ? sc ? ? pf ? V . R ? ? ? ?100% E1 ? ? ? (95) cos? 72. 53 ? 30 ? ? 100% 2300 ? ? ? 3. 04% ? ?  © MRM 05 Test Yourself on Final Exam Q ? Following are the test result of a 12 kV A, 415 V / 240 V, 50 Hz, two winding single phase transformer: Open circuit test (reading taken on low voltage side) 240 V 4. 2 A 80 WShort circuit test (reading taken on high voltage side) 9. 8 V ? Determine: i. 28. 9 A 185 W The values of Rp. Rs. Xp, Xs, Xm and Rc, assuming an approximate equivalent circuit. ii. The efficiency of the transformer at full load and 0. 8 lagging power factor. iii. The voltage regulation at full load and 0. 8 lagging power factor.  © MRM 05 Solution i. Solution ? ? ? ? Eff = 97. 3 % ? V. R = 2. 31 % Z = 57. 14 ? Rc = 714. 3 ? Xm = 57. 31 a = 1. 73 R1 = 0. 11 ? R2 = 0. 037 ? X1 = 0. 13 ? X2 = 0. 043 ? ? Refer to Primary, ? ? ? ? ?  © MRM 05 Any Questions Test 1 – coming soon Make sure you prepared for that†¦  © MRM 05

Electronic Intelligence Versus Human Intelligence

It seems that nowadays people pay too much attention to technological advancements that promote information and interpersonal communication. In The Poet and the Computer, Norman Cousins argues that the â€Å"problem of technology is not solely to be more productive and comfortable, more content, but how to be more sensitive, more sensible, more proportionate, more alive. † According to Cousins, the real problem of technology is whether it makes easier or harder for human to know who they are, to identify their real problems.From my point of view, although technology allows people to live easily and efficiently, it cannot inspire people's imagination, nor can it enrich human spirit. Computers can help people access all the information they desire-?new and old, however, as Cousins wrote, â€Å"electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research, but they cannot eliminate the foolishness and decay that come from the unexamined life. † It is u ndeniable that computer made a huge progress in human proficiency, but it also has limitations.People cannot expect electronic brains to help them prevent failures, reflect failures n their lives. Electronic brains know how to decrease â€Å"the profusion of dead end†, but they never reflect those dead ends. Electronic brains are designed to provide the right answers. However, people should not only be satisfied with the results, but also the process. In Chinese schools, teachers often tell students that † failure is the mother of success, you should not be afraid of making mistakes, but you have to learn something from failure, then to prevent it in the future. Therefore, solely depending on technology can only solve issues at hand, being reflective and inconsiderate is the key for human society to make progress. Computers can provide material to get people involved, but they do not identify with the real meaning of the information and stories that they produced. Many people believe that computers can provide the correct answers in the most convenient way. However, sometimes computers cannot process and analyze information to assist people in better understanding.It can also lead to a dead-ended search in some way. Consequently, it is impossible to expect technology to answer the questions that people are filled with. Computer cannot replace human intelligence because technology serves as a medium to assist people in gaining information all over the world. How to further develop the information and to apply it in real lives are the main concerns that need human inputs. Even though technology helps people overcome the obstacles of time and space, it cannot tap into human emotional field.As Cousin states in his article, â€Å"technology cannot connect a man to the things he has to be connected to-?the reality of pain in others; the possibilities of creative growth n himself; the memory of the race; and the rights of the next generation. † In a â€Å"computerized time†, technology allows people to keep in touch anywhere any time, hence many people consider that social media such as Faceable and Twitter are appropriate for communication. Many of them even have become addicted to social networking. They spend hours looking through pictures, answering comments under each post, and chatting with different strangers.Because social networking is so distracting, people often forget to communicate in the most influential way, which is face-to-face communication. Faceable does affect face-to-face communication because it often takes the expression and emotion out of communication. The Joy of actual seeing someone is crying or laughing is being taken away. A person can put his or her pictures of smiling faces on Faceable, but can others feel his or her emotion simply through that photo? People will become gradually disconnected if they spend too much time on social network rather than emotionally, personally connect with f amily and friends.In modern days, people tend to believe that they can automatically get pleasure and enjoyment whenever they want. However, humans need emotional connection and face-to-face communication in order to experience others' feelings and emotions. Technology has a negative effect on humans because it gives people a sense of accomplishment easily. People will indulge in the acceptability; hence decrease the ability to think by themselves. The main reason for this is technology gives people the opportunity to find answers that others have found before us.People will be satisfied with the answers that was already given instead of coming up with new ideas on their own. As Cousins states, â€Å"The computer knows how to vanquish error, but before we lose ourselves in celebration of victory, we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation that have come about because men were challenged by error and dealing with it. † Therefore, people should be aware that even though we are now able to access information rapidly and easily through the Internet than before, it is necessary for us to develop our own thinking ability to meet different challenges.Without the process of struggle and dealing with difficulties, people will easily lose and forget the truths discovered by homeless. Once people start to solely rely on technology, the process of human society will move gradually slowly. Technology is a tool to help people perceive knowledge; and people cannot simply rely on it to solve all kinds of problems. For instance, Google translation is useful software for people to translate different languages. However, it can turn out to be a big problem if people use it in an improper way. In my seminar class, our professor talked about a story, which was related to the technological translation.One of his students once used his mother's engage to write a paper, and then translated it into English by Google's translation. Unfortunately, Google's tran slation could only translate the paper word by word, so that every sentence in the paper was broken. Later on, the student admitted that he translated his paper through Google translation. From this example, it is generally believed that people cannot predominately rely on technology. People should keep a skeptical eye towards the information, which is provided by technology, and then divide the information into useful and useless categories.As Bacon said, â€Å"If we begin tit certainties, we shall end in doubts; but if we begin with doubts, and we are patient with them, we shall end in certainties. † Consequently, people should not be satisfied with the certain answers produced by technology. It is necessary for people to get rid of the strong feeling of self-achievement which technology directly provides. Life is not the extension of technology, thus the primary purpose of technology should not be replacing human intelligence, but rather, facilitating human society progres s. Technology will always serve as a tool for human intelligence no matter how powerful and strong it becomes.Because humans have their own brains, they can create their own reality through imagination. According to Cousin, â€Å"The poet-?and I use the term to include all those who have respect for and speak to the human spirit-?can help to supply the subconscious with material to enhance its sensitivity, hence safeguarding it. † Cousin uses poet to represent humans own imaginative thinking and creativity. He believes the human inputs should be kept as its original form. Therefore, it is important for humans to keep their own spirit and create their own reality, which technology can never replace.We are now experiencing a time when people are easily overwhelmed and distracted. It is generally considered that technology has a negative influence on humans imagination and creativity. It detaches us from others' pain and sorrow, and continuously spread a feeling of instant grati fication. People should be able to use technology for facilitating themselves instead of replacing themselves.